Researchers from the School of Photovoltaic Renewable Energy and Engineering (SPREE), University of New South Wales, estimate that the annual photovoltaic (PV) module production rate must increase from ~135 GW in 2020 to ~3 TW (terawatt) in 2030 to make any significant impact on climate change. However, a substantial obstacle on the pathway towards sustainable manufacturing at a multi-TW scale is the reliance of commercial PV production on scarce metals like silver, indium, and bismuth.